农药残留检测快速溶剂萃取技术

本文介绍了一种新型的全自动萃取方法-快速溶剂萃取(ASE)技术，以及它在农药残留分析中的应用。     

Therapeutic exercise

Therapeutic exercise is a key component of any rehabilitation program and should be included as part of the concurrent care of any patient whether that patient has two or four legs. Physical therapists have been utilizing therapeutic exercises with great success since the conception of the profession in the beginning of the twentieth century and it has been demonstrated to be fundamental in improving function, performance and disability. Therapeutic exercise can consist of a variety of exercises inclusive of balance, strengthening, range of motion, endurance, and plyometric activities. The goals of therapeutic exercises include the restoration of movement, improvement of function and strength, improvement in gait and balance, and the prevention and the promotion of health, wellness, and fitness. Specific exercises are aimed at restoring strength, power and work, or endurance, or a combination. Therapeutic exercises are also utilized to increase range of motion, decrease pain, improve balance and proprioception, and restore function.     

勾拉式残膜清除机的设计

采用机械的方法清除地表土壤中的残膜在新疆垦区已处在尝试之中，各类试验性田间残膜清除机相继出现。为此，针对当前田间残膜清除机存在的主要问题，提出一种以勾拉工作方式来改进当前型号田间残膜清除机性能的机械设计方案，介绍了其结构和工作原理，并对其效能进行了探讨。     

重金属在夏玉米作物体中残留特征的田间试验研究

田间试验设置了2种灌水水质(清水和污水)、3种灌水水平(高水、中水和低水)和2种施肥水平(中肥和无肥,限污水灌溉),共9个处理,2组重复。结果表明:夏玉米植物生理特性对重金属As、Cd和Pb在植物体中不同部位残留含量的影响要明显大于不同灌溉水质和不同灌水量的影响。污水灌溉处理中重金属As、Cd和Pb在夏玉米作物体内的残留含量因部位不同而有差异。As和Pb在夏玉米体内的残留含量分布为:花>根>叶>茎>籽,Cd的分布则为花>叶>根>茎>籽。污水处理小区As和Cd残留量较清水处理小区高,中等灌水量的污水处理小区植株Cd和Pb含量低于其它灌水处理。在植物体的任何部位,这3种重金属Pb的含量最高,As次之,Cd含量最低。     

农田土壤机械压实研究进展与展望

土壤机械压实是威胁全球农业可持续发展的重要因素之一。从农田土壤压实的检测、危害、缓解和预防四个方面系统介绍当前国内外土壤压实的最新研究进展与不足。指出检测方法的创新和突破是实现田间尺度下压实土壤空间分布检测的关键;压实土壤危害的研究多集中在耕层土壤,但忽视了深层土壤压实危害及其在应对气候变化中可发挥的生态服务功能;提倡采用轮作轮耕等合理田间管理措施缓解压实土壤;深层土壤压实具有存在时间久和恢复难度大的特征,因此重点应以预防为主,但当前对土壤压实预防重视不足且预防技术体系尚不成熟。鉴于我国农业机械化正处在快速发展期,采取有效预防措施是避免重蹈发达国家土壤压实退化的有效手段。     

多特征融合的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承变工况条件下卷积神经网络在特征提取过程中无法充分提取全局特征信息的问题,该研究提出一种MSCNN-Swin滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,在数据处理模块中利用连续小波变换(continuous wavelet transform, CWT)将一维振动信号转化为二维时频图像,以保留原始信号的时频特性;然后,在局部感知模块中利用多尺度卷积神经网络(multiscale convolutional neural networks, MSCNN)对故障信息的局部特征进行提取,并使用卷积块注意模块(convolutional block attention module, CBAM)提取关键信息;进一步构建特征提取模块,引入残差连接提高前后特征信息的利用效率,通过SwinT网络(swin transformer)学习故障信息的全局特征;最后使用全局平均池化代替全连接层进行故障识别。使用美国凯斯西储大学轴承数据集与自制数据集进行试验验证,试验结果表明,本文方法在可视化试验中的故障识别准确率为99.67%,在变工况试验中的故障识别准确率为95.01%～99.66%,不同编码方式试验中的故障识别准确率为100%。在自制数据集中,故障诊断准确率达到99.18%。与CWT-LeNet5、CWT-VGG16、CWT-ResNet18和CWT-Swin相比,本文方法在变工况条件下的平均故障识别准确率分别提高8.79、8.64、3.49和3.18个百分点,在自制数据集中分别提高5.23、2.74、1.40和1.26个百分点。本文方法实现了变工况等复杂条件下滚动轴承不同故障状态的识别,能够充分提取轴承故障的全局特征信息,具有较高的故障诊断准确率和良好的泛化能力,可为变工况条件下的滚动轴承故障诊断提供参考。     

2000-2019年黄河流域陕西段植被NDVI时空变化及其驱动因素分析

植被是陆地生态系统的重要构成,研究植被变化规律及影响因素有助于加强区域植被生态保护和可持续发展。基于SPOT NDVI和气象数据,采用趋势分析、偏相关分析和残差分析等方法对2000—2019年黄河流域陕西段植被NDVI时空变化特征及其驱动因素进行了分析。结果表明：(1) 2000—2019年黄河流域陕西段植被NDVI总体以0.008 6/a的速率呈极显著增加趋势,不同地域NDVI增速为陕北(0.010 9/a)>关中(0.005 3/a),不同土地利用类型NDVI增速为草地(0.011/a)>耕地(0.008 1/a)>林地(0.007 8/a)。(2)植被NDVI呈增加趋势的面积占比为86.19%,其中显著增加的面积比例为81.90%,陕北(91.87%)>关中(66.91%),林地(97.48%)>草地(90.38%)>耕地(69.78%)。(3)偏相关分析发现90.24%的区域植被NDVI与年降水量以正相关关系为主,66.3%的区域植被NDVI与年均温呈正相关关系。(4)研究区植被NDVI变化受到气候变化、人类活动以及二者共同作用的影响,占比分...     

Wind erosion from crusted playa surfaces by no saltation and with saltation: A comparison through laboratory wind tunnel experiments

Playas are common in many arid regions and recognized as a major source of hypersaline particles. A better understanding of wind erosion on crusted playas has significant implications for land management and pollution control practices. We hypothesized that wind erosion rates of crusted playas were complicated and controlled by the interactions between playa crust and wind-induced saltation conditions. However, comparisons regarding the effects of different playa crusts on wind erosion under no saltation (NS) and with saltation (WS) conditions were lacking. In this study, laboratory wind tunnel experiments were carried out to simulate both NS and WS conditions, to investigate the erosion rates of different crust types (Salt, Takyr, and Puffic crust) at different wind speeds. Results showed that: 1) Salt crust had greater crust strengths than did Takyr crust and Puffic crust; 2) wind erosion rates under the WS condition were up to 60 times greater than those under the NS condition, suggesting that sand bombardment was the dominant mechanism responsible for removal of fine material from crusted playa surfaces; 3) both sand bombardment rate and wind erosion rate of the playa crusts increased with increasing wind speed under the WS conditions; 4) Puffic crust exhibited a greater rate of wind erosion compared to both the Takyr and Salt crusts under the NS condition, yet tended to have a lower rate of wind erosion compared to both the Takyr and Salt crusts under the WS condition. This difference can be attributed to the fact that soft Puffic crusts are pliable and can dissipate the force of impacting grains under the WS conditions. Our results indicated that wind erosion processes on crusted playas are complicated and are affected by wind-induced saltation and crust type, specifically crust strength and elasticity of the surface.     

机制生态改性生土坯砖砌体基本力学性能试验

针对生土坯砖砌体房屋抗震性能差、材料强度较低等特点,对选用水玻璃、钾明矾、尿素、可再分散性乳胶粉、秸秆等无污染材料进行复合改性的机制生态改性生土坯砖砌体的基本力学性能进行了研究。对4组共30个机制生土坯砖砌体试件进行了抗压和抗剪强度试验,分析了机制生土坯砖砌体的破坏形态,探究了机制生土坯砖砌体的抗压本构关系,修正了适用于机制生态改性生土坯砖砌体的平均抗压强度取值公式。结果表明:与机制未改性生土坯砖砌体相比,机制生态改性生土坯砖砌体的抗压强度、抗剪强度和延性分别提高了23%,17%和7%;机制生土坯砖砌体的应力-应变曲线与杨卫忠砌体本构方程拟合度较高;当砌体块体类别为机制生土坯砖时,与块体类别有关的参数k_1分别取值0.42和0.46,此时该研究提出的砌体抗压强度计算公式适用于机制未改性生土坯砖砌体和机制生态改性生土坯砖砌体。